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Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions:  In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage one
I have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.
Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.
Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.
One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.
To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?
This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.
What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.
It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.
There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.
 
 
61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.
A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing world
B. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.
C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.
D. the human misery behind them.
 
62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage, ________.
A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.
B. could have been even exaggerated.
C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.
D. is prevailing across the world.
 
 
63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools of their trade, they should ___________.
A. have the same concern with the developing countries.
B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanity
C. pursue good bargains in the international market.
D. spare a thought for how they were made.
 
64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.
A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.
B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.
C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.
D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.
 
65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.
A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanity  
B. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.
C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.
D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.
 
Passage two
A little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.
The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.
At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.
Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.
Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/
Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.
Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.
Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.
 
66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2^nd paragraph refers to ________.
A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable way
B. an array of consumer products to choose
C. a fog of unreliable green information
D. little information on eco-credibility
 
67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.
　　A. eco-credibility is abused 
　　B. a green economy is crucial 
　　C. an environmental impact is lessened 
D. green credentials promote green economy 
 
68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.
　　A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufactures 
　　B. neither scientists nor manufactures are honest 
　　C. it is vital to build a green economy 
D. better information is critical 
 
69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.
　　A. transparent corporate management  
　　B. establishing sustainability indexes 
　　C. tough academic-led surveillance 
D. strict legal weapons 
 
70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?
　　A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.
　　B. It is time for another green revolution.
　　C. Information should be free for all. 
　　D. No quantity, no quality. 
 
Passage Three
People are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.
The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.
The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.
The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.
Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.
Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.
This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”
Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”
 
71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.
　　A. the highly developed skills of cheating at school
　　B. the relation between intelligence and evolution
　　C. the phenomenon of cheating at school  
D. the human innate ability to cheat
 
72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.
　　A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breaking
　　B. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheats
　　C. spotting their own children cheating than others doing it
D. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one
 
73. When she says that … that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.
　　A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactions
　　B. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purpose
　　C. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making system
D. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary
 
74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.
　　A. it was of great possibility
B. it could be misleading
　　C. it was unbelievable
D. it’s acquired
 
75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
　　A. Cheating at School
　　B. Cheating as the Human Nature
　　C. Imaginary Intelligence and Cheating 
　　D. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out Cheats
 
Passage Four
For many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.
Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.
Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.
It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.
For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.
Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.
 
76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.
A. a misunderstanding
B. a confrontation
C. a collaboration
D. a consensus 
 
77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.
A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations
B. our human activities are actually moderate in degree
C. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptable
D. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment
 
78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.
A. they made the first classification of Earth systems
B. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planet
C. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expected
D. human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth
 
79. Critical of the IPCC’s 2007 report, the author argues that they _________.
A. missed the most serious problems there
B. were poorly assembled for the mission
C. cannot be called scientists at all
D. value nature above people
 
80. It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ________________.
A. must redefine our relationship with the environment
B. should not take it seriously but to take it easy
C. need a new way of thinking about nature
D. need cooler heads and clearer statistics
 
Passage Five
Humanity has passed a milestone: more people live in cities than in rural areas. The current rate of urbanization is unprecedented in our history. In 1950, only 29% of people lived in cities; by 2050, 70% are projected to do so – most of them in poorer countries. Among many other issues, this rapid concentration makes cities a front line in the battles against climate change and air pollution. Confronting the challenges of rampant urbanization demands integrated, multidisciplinary approaches, and new thinking.
Take the building boom associated with the increased wealth of urban areas, and its impact on greenhouse-gas emissions. In China alone, the United Nations Environmental Programme estimates the energy demand for heating homes build over the next decade could increase by some 430 terawatt-hours, or 4% of China’s total energy use in 2003. Worldwide, the energy consumed by buildings already accounts for around 45% of greenhouse-gas emissions.
Fortunately, researchers in Germany and elsewhere have already shown that they can reduce that energy consumption by 80-90% just by overhauling obsolete building designs and using existing technologies. These ultra-efficient buildings demand that planners, architects, engineers and building scientists work together from the outset, and require higher levels of expertise than conventional buildings. Research is also needed to develop technologies, materials and energy concepts, but green building research today is fragmented and poorly funded.
Expanding cities must embrace such technologies and strategies – and not just in the developed nations. Many poorer countries have a rich tradition of adapting buildings to local practices, environments and climates – a home-grown approach to integrated design that has been all but been lost in the West. They now have an opportunity to combine these traditional approaches with modern technologies.
Integrated thinking is also needed to mitigate urban air pollution, which is becoming a serious health and environmental risk in many regions – as shown by China’s struggle to clean up Beijing’s air for the Olympics. Understanding air pollution will require researchers from multiple disciplines, from                              atmospheric chemistry to meteorology, working over scales from street level to global. And reducing it will require integrated policies for urban planning, transport and housing – not least to reduce the use of cars.
 
81. The passage begins with ______________.
A. the globalization of poverty
B. a new challenge to mankind
C. a new disease of civilization
D. the global phenomenon of weather change

82. From the illustration of China, the author is trying to tell us that __________.
A. Chinese citizens neglect their impact on greenhouse-gas emissions
B. the pace of urbanization is being accelerated at an alarming rate
C. rapid urbanization will increase greenhouse-gas emissions
D. the building boom is running faster there than elsewhere
 
83. Which of the following can meet the demand by the challenges of rampant urbanization?
A. Shrinking cities by 80-90%
B. Building ultra-efficient buildings
C. Restoring the conventional buildings.
D. Abandoning existing building technologies.
 
84. The author thinks highly of those poorer countries _____________.
A. introducing the developed countries’ green technologies
B. building megacities while promoting energy efficiency
C. staying away from modern building technologies
D. integrating their buildings with nature
 
85. China’s struggle to clean up Beijing’s air for the Olympics, according to the passage, is a convincing example of ____________.
A. the inevitability of our clean and sustainable metropolitan future
B. the necessity of encouraging citizens to use public transportations
C. the urgency of addressing climate change in the developing countries
D. the importance of integrated thinking to meeting the challenges of urbanization
 
Passage Six 
On June 26, 2000, two scientific teams announced at the White House that they had deciphered virtually the entire human genome, a prodigious feat that involved determining the exact sequence of chemical units in human genetic material. An enthusiastic President Clinton predicted a revolution in “the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of most, if not all, human diseases.”
Now, 10 years later, a sobering realization has set in. Decoding the genome has led to stunning advances in scientific knowledge and DNA-processing technologies but it has done relatively little to improve medical treatments or human health.
To be fair, many scientists at the time were warning that it would be a long, slow slog to reap clinical benefits.
And there have been some important advances, such as powerful new drugs for a few cancers and genetic tests that can predict whether people with breast cancer need chemotherapy. But the original hope that close study of the genome would identify mutations or variants that cause diseases like cancer, Alzheimer’s and heart ailments — and generate treatments for them — has given way to realization that the causes of most diseases are enormously complex and not easily traced to a simple mutation or two.
In the long run, it seems likely that the genomic revolution will pay off. But no one can be sure. Even if the genetic roots of some major diseases are identified, there is no guarantee that treatments can be found. The task facing science and industry in coming decades is as at least as challenging as the original deciphering of the human genome.
 
86. Back in the year 2000, what was exciting about the deciphered genome?
A. Its claim at the turn of the new millennium.
B. Its great potential of producing medical value.
C. President Clinton’s prediction of a moral controversy.
D. Its announcement for the first time at the White House.

87. Clinically, according to the passage, the prophecy ten years later _________.
A. is proved to be fair enough.
B. is realized in clinical trials.
C. turns out to be a reality.
D. is far from realization.
 
88. From our disappointment we have to realize that ___________.
A. most human diseases cannot be conquered.
B. the deciphering of the human genome was fruitless.
C. the cause of diseases can not be simply explained by a mutation or two.
D. many clinical harvests have nothing to do with the deciphered genome.
 
89. It can be concluded from the passage that __________.
A. difficulties are hard to predict in doing science.
B. it is no use finding the genetic roots of diseases.
C. scientists are not supposed to make any predictions.
D. the clinical benefits of the genomic revolution will take time.
 
90. The writer’s tone in the passage is ____________.
A. rational
B. cynical
C. doubtful
D. skeptical
 
 
 
 
Paper Two
Part V Writing (20%)
Directions:  In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
学会呼吸可长寿
生命离不开呼吸。人每分每秒都在进行呼吸运动，但你却未必呼吸得正确。英国一项研究显示，90%以上的成年人都不会有意识地调节呼吸。而据我国呼吸科专家统计，城市中一半以上人呼吸方式不正确，短浅的呼吸不仅让许多人大脑缺氧，容易疲惫，而且还容易诱发多种疾病。
 
深呼吸的几大好处
做腹式深呼吸有哪些好处呢？首先，深呼吸能帮助人们缓解压力和失眠症状。当人们主动调节呼吸的深度和频率，就能有效放松绷紧的神经，舒缓焦虑的心情。一些因为压力造成的颈部疼痛，通过瑜伽时的呼吸练习，疼痛感将会减弱。失眠的人也可用呼吸法来帮助入睡。通过降低呼吸节奏、平缓呼吸，能减轻失眠症状。
其次，深呼吸还可防治高血压。其原理是人的肺部有被称为肺泡的小袋状物，大约有3亿个。在一般呼吸的情况下，只有其中的80％—90％能充分地工作，剩下的肺泡处于浪费状态。如果采用深呼吸，就可以使剩下的肺泡工作起来。当采用胸部深呼吸的时候，位于肺上部的肺泡开放；而在腹式深呼吸时，肺下部的肺泡也打开了。工作中所有的肺泡都在产生前列腺素，而且通过深呼吸还可使原来就在工作的80％—90％的肺泡产生比原来更多的前列腺素。这样，更多的前列腺素进入血管，从而使血管扩张，血压降低。每天早中晚三次，每次10分钟就有效果。
最重要的是，深呼吸能促进健康长寿。有控制地深呼吸练习，可使大脑尽快消除疲劳，可以调节神经系统，使人轻松舒畅。深呼吸之所以有这样大的作用，在于正常人每次吸进与呼出的气体量只有400毫升—500毫升，而做一次最深的呼吸，男性可达到3500毫升，女性可达到2500毫升，相当于通常吸气的8倍，从而使生命获得大量的能源。
 
如何学会正确呼吸
怎样才能学会正确呼吸呢？最关键的有两点，一是要缓和吸，也就是吸气的时候，要均匀缓慢，尽量深吸，让气体能充满肺泡；二是要用力吐，吐的干净，这样才能将废弃全部排出体外，保障交换的气体多一些。最科学的呼吸方法为：“吸—停—呼”的呼吸形式，可使副交感神经兴奋性增强，也可使肠鸣次数增加，有利于消化吸收，从而有益于健康长寿。
这种呼吸法是以深长的腹式呼吸为基础，逐步使肺肌肉群在呼吸时运动到最大幅度，让空气充满肺部的“全体呼吸法”。刚开始虽要刻意练习，最终目标却是融入生活，各种姿势和动作都结合呼吸法去做。如此将更能掌握身体的力量和节奏，提高效率。例如用呼吸法攀登高山时，比较不会出现头痛等高山症状；打高尔夫挥杆能挥得更远。这种呼吸方法，在公车上、走路时、工作间隙，或者对着公园的树都能练习。尤其面对突如其来的负面情境时，呼吸法更能适时调节身心、稳定情绪。