华慧考博:写作与翻译必会语法之主谓一致
主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称与数的方面和主语保持一致。主谓人称一致的问题是考生在写作文或做汉译英时经常忽视的地方,由此也经常导致考生写错句子而失分。其实主谓一致并不是一个很难的语法知识,因为除动词be和不同的人称变化外,其他动词只有单数第三人称的一般现在时加词尾-s或-es。一、主谓一致三原则
1. 语法一致原则
该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致,即主语是单数形式,动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式,动词用复数形式。如:
The plane is high in the sky.飞机在高空飞行。
The two towns are linked by a railway. 这两个城镇由铁路连接。
2. 意义一致原则
有时候谓语动词的数取决于主语所表示的概念,而不是其语法形式。如:
Maths is not easy to learn. 数学不容易学好。
Young people are very hot on pop music. 年轻人热衷于流行音乐。
3. 就近原则
有时,谓语动词的数取决于主语中最靠近它的词语。如:
Either you or I am right. 不是你对,就是我对。
Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不该受指责。
二、易错点归纳
1. 不定式短语、动词-ing形式或名词性从句作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Remember /To remember English words is not easy. 记英语单词不容易。
Who will do the job hasn't been decided yet. 谁来做这项工作还没决定。
【注】what引导主语从句时,如果其表语是复数形式,谓语动词要用复数形式。如:
What he took with him were two books. 他带去的是两本书。
2. 名词或代词+由with、together with、along with、as well as、besides、but、except、including、in addition to、like、no less than、rather than等引起的短语”作主语时,谓语动词与前面的名词或代词的数一致。如:
Mr. Li together with his two sons has gone to the cinema.
李先生和他的两个儿子看电影去了。
No one except the two boys was late for class. 除了两个男孩外,没有一个人迟到。
3.“more than one/many a + 单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
More than one person has known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。
Many a worker was killed in the accident. 在这个事故中死了许多工人。
【注】“more+复数名词 than one”作主语,谓语则用复数形式。如:
More persons than one have known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。
4. 不定代词one、no one、the other、another、anyone、anybody、someone、somebody、everyone、everybody、nobody、anything、something、everything、nothing、each、either 以及被each、every修饰的名词作主语,尽管有些表达复数意义,但是它们的谓语应该用单数形式。如:
Is everybody here today? 大家都到齐了吗?
Neither (book) is good. 两本书都不好。
5. 在定语从句中,当关系代词 who、which或 that作主语时,从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。如:
The teacher who teaches us English is from England. 教我们英语的教师是英国人。
Are these the books that were bought yesterday? 这些就是昨天买的书吗?
6. 某些集体名词,如family、audience、class、club、company、crew、enemy、government、group、party、public、team等作主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式,如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
My family are all fond of going to the cinema. 我全家都爱看电影。
The family is rather big, with twelve people in all. 这个家庭很大,总共有12个人。
7.“a number of +复数名词”意为“许多”,作主语时,谓语动词用复数;“the number of +复数名词”意为“……的数目”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:
The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons. 被邀请的人是五十个,但许多人由于不同原因缺席了。
8.“a lot of /lots of /plenty of /a large quantity of /a large amount of +名词”作主语,谓语动词的数与名词的数一致。如:
A large amount of damage was done in a very short time.
在短时间内造成了很大的损害。
A great amount of our investments are in property.
我们大量的钱都投资到房地产。
但“(large /huge) quantities /amounts of+名词”作主语,谓语动词一般用复数。如:
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. 那座桥耗费了大量金钱。
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