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华慧考博:快速理解文章的段落
——例证分析
考博英语考试中，几乎都需要考阅读理解，虽然阅读理解的考查形式多种多样。除了多数学校都会考的常规的阅读理解选择题，有的学校考阅读回答问题、阅读正误判断题、以及阅读选句填空等。而选句填空下面还有细分，如社科院考7选5、中科院考6选5、中央党校考5选5，22年上海交大可能会考的6选6，没有多余的选项的5选5和6选6也称为排序题。然后，阅读理解不管如何考查，都是考查对于语篇的逻辑理解、分析和推理能力，因此需要快速有效读懂文章的句→段→篇三个层次。其中句子理解的速度取决于单词语法的基本能力，尤其是长难句的能力。我认为，影响速度的关键是对于段落的理解，如果能有效区分段落的中心和细节，一些长难句也可能不要仔细对待，也就能较为快速的把握段落大意及结构，为篇章的把握打下基础。
那么到底如何快速读段落呢？华慧考博老师从实践中总结出来的经验是：把握句子之间的逻辑关系。下面举例几个例子来说明，段落中常见的几种段落的逻辑：总分、并列、递进。个人建议在阅读的时候简明扼要的划出一些关键词，比划出句子一目了然。以下分析都用红色标出关键信息。
总分式：
Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Verginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.
分析：第一句是主旨句，后面两句是细节展开说明，可以从以上红色字体可以看出逻辑关系。段落大意：直到最近，科学界还非常强大，可以无视批评，但现在不是了，开始攻击（attacked）和发声（voiced）。
The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illumination piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment (启蒙运动) to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.
分析：该段落内容多，主要是围绕第一句提出的科学真相（scientific truth）展开：对于自然很无知（ignorant about nature）。后面从两点具体阐述，一方面是肯定认识到这个真相的重要性，可以从几个关键词看出（major discovery、illumination、the most significant contribution），中间穿插着过去和现在的对比；另一方面表达因此也抑郁（Because of this, we are depressed）
并列式：
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
这个段落每句话都在讲hot spots，第一句提出概念，后面分别讲到位置、运动特点和参考意义。
递进式：
In the first year or so of, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.
这个段落，有按照时间顺序（first year or so→More recently）推进，介绍了业务范围的拓展：消费者市场（consumer market）到开展公司之间的业务（business-to-business）。
（The end）
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