华慧考博英语复习:汉译英过程中词的增补翻译
鉴于汉英两种语言用词造句的规则不一样,故华慧考博老师在汉译英的过程中有时应根据英文表达习惯的需要而增补一些汉语原文中没有的词语。1. 增补做主语的代词(或名词)
例1:改变亨利生活的不是某些灵丹妙药,而是他的疾病管理方式的一个简单改变。
译文1:What has altered Henry’s life is not some wonder drug but a simple change in the way his illness is managed.
例2:破译基因组在科学知识和DNA处理技术方面带来了惊人的进步,但是在改善医疗和人类健康方面相对而言却几乎没起什么作用。
译文2:Decoding the genome has led to stunning advances in scientific knowledge and DNA-processing technologies but it has done relatively little to improve medical treatment or human health.
2. 增补物主代词
鉴于在表示所属关系时英语一般会用到物主代词而汉语却常常省略这些词,故在汉译英的过程中需根据英语表达的需要增补适当的物主代词。
例1:一些父母在有缺陷的孩子出生后才得知这些基因问题。
译文1:Some parents learn about these genetic problems after their disabled child is born.
例2:这位医生建议他加强体育锻炼和改掉不良的饮食习惯。
译文2:The doctor advised him to do more physical exercise and get rid of his bad eating habits.
3. 增补做宾语的代词
在语境的照应下,汉语通常省略充当宾语的代词,然而在英语中及物动词后都要跟宾语。因此在汉译英的过程中有时需要增补做宾语的代词。
例1:无论病人来自哪里,医生都应该一视同仁。
译文1:Regardless of where patients come from, doctors should treat them equally.
例2:这种新药会对人体产生很大的副作用,因此医生建议病人不要吃。
译文2:This new medicine can have strong side effects on the human body, so doctors advise patients not to take it.
4. 增补连词
鉴于在表示词和句之间的关系时中文通常借助于语境和语序而英语却通过使用连词来达到这一目的,因此在汉译英时有时需要增补合适的连词来让译文符合英文表达习惯。
例1:进行体育锻炼有益于身体健康,合理膳食也有益于身体健康。
译文1:Doing physical exercise is beneficial to health, so is a reasonable diet.
例2:越来越多的人正死于各种癌症,某些人认为治愈所有的癌症还有很长的路要走。
译文2:More and more people are dying from kinds of cancers, but some people think that the cure of all cancers still has a long way to go.
5. 增补介词
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,英语句子大多都有介词,相比之下,汉语中经常不需要介词。因此在汉译英时,经常需要增补介词。
例1:相比以前,中国的医疗水平已经大幅提高。
译文1:Compared with the past, the level of medical treatment in China has been greatly improved.
例2:医生可以用更先进的医疗技术来延续病人的生命。
译文2:Doctors can prolong a patient’s life by using more advanced medical technologies.
6. 增补冠词
由于汉语中没有冠词,因此在汉译英时需根据英语表达的需要适当地增补冠词。
例1:人体中的水分含量经常是通过让受试者喝一杯含有放射性示踪剂的水来测量。
译文1:The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer.
例2:大多数护士是女性,但是在医疗领域的高层中女性却占少数。
译文2:The majority of nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession, women are in a minority.
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