Part B

Directions:

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.

American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.

In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .

Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.

Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.

Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.

[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.

[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.

[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.

[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
 

一.文章结构分析

本文是一篇文化类的文章，主要讲的是文化发展过程中的各种关于文化的理论。

第一段讲的是Herbert Spencer的“生物和文化进化理论”。

第二段讲的是Lewis Henry Morgan的“文化进化理论”。

第三段可以看到，Franz Boas提出了一种“历史特殊论(historical particularism)”，它强调所有文化的唯一性。

第四段还是讲了Franz Boas的理论。

第五段我们除了看到“历史特殊论(historical particularism)”外，还看到一种“diffusionism”理论和“diffusionists”这一种人。

第六段，?mile Durkheim提出了一种文化理论，他认为宗教信仰有助于加强社会团结。

二.试题具体解析

通过分析文章我们可以看到，文章就是围绕着这几种理论展开讨论的，文章层次很清晰，

而空格出现的位置一律都是段落的末尾，这样我们可以分析，所有的选项内容应该与段落前面的内容有密切的联系。

我们先大体浏览一下各个选项的内容。

选项A主要介绍了什么叫“diffusionism”， 即它认为文化的革新有一个唯一的起源，并且在社会之间传递。因为第5段出现了diffusionism，所以我们可以判断，选项A肯定出现在44题之前。而且other anthropologists的出现提示，前文可能出现了anthropologist这一词，那我们回到原文中找各个人的职业，就可以看到整篇文章提出的4个主要理论家中，只有Lewis Henry Morgan和Franz Boas的职业是anthropologist，所以，我们暂时把答案A锁定在42和43之间。

选项B的大体意思是：为了尽可能的了解特殊的文化，(particular cultures是关键词)，他对语言学和身体人类学都很熟悉。回到文章，我们在第3段找到了the uniqueness of all cultures, 我们可以断定，这个选项中的he指的就是Franz Boas。那Boas在第3段和第4段都出现过，所以我们把选项B锁定在43和44。

选项C的意思是，人类的进化有这样一个特征，就是“survival of the fittest”适者生存，并且解释了种族和社会的适者生存观念。因为第一段讲的是Herbert Spencer的“生物和文化进化理论”。并且出现了Charles Darwin，我们都知道Charles Darwin提出了生物界的适者生存，而这里说人类社会的进化也有适者生存这一特征，所以，我们可以首先确定41的答案是选项C。

选项D的关键词是important rituals重要的礼仪和initiation ceremonies和一些典礼，我们在文章中并没有发现有这方面的内容，所以暂且搁置。

选项E说，在他看来，不同方面的文化diverse aspects of culture，例如……，随着社会的进化都改变了。我们在读文章的时候，一定要把每一段的关键词划出来，以利于和选项中的关键词对应。读第二段的时候，文章说，在他的作品里，他尽量说明了how aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 这跟选项E的内容不谋而合。所以，我们可以断定，42题的答案为选项E。因为前面把答案A锁定在42和43之间，而42题的答案为选项E，所以确定选项A为43题的答案。确定了43题答案为A，因为之前我们把选项B锁定在43和44，所以排出了43，我们把选项B锁定在44题。

选项F我们可以看到一个关键词functioning，这个词在第6段出现过，所以，我们暂且搁置不管。

选项G是一个例子，如果是答案的话应该是用来补充说明前面的观点的，它说，由于信息缺乏，这两位人类学家提出农耕等这些都是起源于古埃及，并且传播到世界各地。事实上，所有这些文化发展在世界不同地方的不同时期都曾分别出现过。通过分析这个例子，我们可以知道，这是两种不同的观点的比较。 在第五段我们除了看到“历史特殊论(historical particularism)”外，还看到一种“diffusionism”理论和“diffusionists”这一种人。正好是两种理论的对比，所以我们可以把45题的答案轻松的定位到选项G。

这样我们初步确定了答案，41的答案是选项C，42题的答案为选项E，43题的答案为选项A，44题的答案为选项B，45题的答案定位到选项G。

最后代入选项，通读全文，检查文章逻辑顺序和流畅程度。